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Home>People>Leonard J Trejo, Chief Executive Officer

Office:                        Pacific Development and Technology, LLC

                        999 Commercial Street, Suite 205, Palo Alto, Ca 94303

E-mail:            ltrejo@pacdel.com

Telephone:     +1-650-320-8841 (voice/fax)

·      Neurocognitive technology for fatigue prevention and human-system performance optimization

·      Signal processing, machine learning and pattern recognition algorithms and applications

·      Brain-computer interfaces and human-computer interaction

·      Experimental design and analysis for biomedical, neurological, and behavioral research

Winkler, I. Horváth, J., Weisz, J. & Trejo, L. J. (2009). Deviance detection in congruent audiovisual speech: Evidence for implicit integrated audiovisual memory representations. Biological Psychology, 82, 281–292.

Trejo, L. J., Matthews, R., & Allison, B. Z. (2007). Experimental Design and Testing of a Multimodal Cognitive Overload Classifier. In D. D. Schmorrow, D. M. Nicholson, J. M. Drexler, & L. M. Reeves (Eds.), Foundations of Augmented Cognition, (4th ed., pp. 13-22). Arlington, VA: Strategic Analysis, Inc.

Trejo, L. J., Knuth, K., Prado, R., Rosipal, R., Kubitz, K., Kochavi, R., Matthews, B., & Zhang., Y. (2007). EEG-based estimation of mental fatigue: Convergent evidence for a three-state model. In D.D. Schmorrow, L.M. Reeves (Eds.): Augmented Cognition, HCII 2007, LNAI 4565, pp. 201–211, 2007. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.

Trejo, L J., Kochavi, R., Kubitz, K., Montgomery, L. D., Rosipal, R., & Matthews, B. (2006, October). EEG-based estimation and classification of mental fatigue. PDT Technical Report No. QGPBF0636B1403. Revised January, 2009.

Trejo, L. J., Matthews, B., and Rosipal, R. (2006). Brain-computer interfaces for 1-D and 2-D cursor control: designs using volitional control of the EEG spectrum or steady-state visual evoked potentials. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng.,14, 225-229.

Trejo, L. J., Wheeler, K.R., Jorgensen, C. C., Rosipal, R., Clanton, S., Matthews, B, Hibbs, A. D., Matthews, R., & Krupka, M. (2003). Multimodal neuroelectric interface development. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 11, 199-204.

Rosipal, R. & Trejo, L. J. (2001). Kernel partial least squares in reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2, 97-123.

Rosipal, R., Girolami, M. and Trejo, L., Cichocki, A. (2001). Kernel PCA for feature extraction and de-noising in non-linear regression. Neural Computing & Applications, 10, 231-243.

Rosipal, R., Girolami, M., & Trejo, L. J. (2000, May). Kernel PCA Feature Extraction of Event-Related Potentials for Human Signal Detection Performance. In H. Malmgren, M. Borsa, L. Niklasson (eds.), Perspectives in Neural Computation. Proceedings of the ANNIMAB-1 Conference on Artificial Neural Networks in Medicine and Biology. Goteborg, Sweden, May 13-16, 2000. London: Springer-Verlag.

Trejo, L. J., & Shensa, M. J. (1999). Feature extraction of event-related potentials using wavelets: An application to human performance monitoring. Brain and Language 66, 89-107.

Koska, M., Rosipal, R., Konig, A. & Trejo, L. J. (1997). Estimation of human signal detection performance from event-related potentials using feed-forward neural network models. In K. Warwick and M. Kárny (Eds.), Computer intensive methods in control and signal processing: The curse of dimensionality. Cambridge. MA: Birkhauser Boston, pp. 129-134.

Kramer, A. F., Trejo, L. J., & Humphrey, D. (1996). Psychophysiological measures of human information processing activities: Potential applications to automated systems. In R. Parasuraman & J. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 137-162.

Trejo, L. J., Ryan-Jones, D., & Kramer, A. F. (1995). Attentional modulation of the pitch-change mismatch negativity elicited by frequency differences between binaurally presented tone bursts. Psychophysiology, 32, 319-328.

Trejo, L. J., Kramer, A. F., & Arnold, J. (1995). Event-related potentials as indices of display-monitoring performance. Biological Psychology, 40, 33-71.

Kramer, A. F., Trejo, L. J., & Humphrey D. (1995). Assessment of mental workload with task-irrelevant auditory probes. Biological Psychology, 40, 83-100.

Snyder, H. L., & Trejo, L. J. (1992). Research Methods. In Widdel, H. (Ed.), Colour in Electronic Displays. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 95-135.

Trejo, L. J., Rand, M. N., & Cicerone, C. M. (1989). Consensual pupillary light reflex in the pigmented rat. Vision Research, 29, 303-307.

Trejo, L. J., & Cicerone, C. M. (1987). Changes in visual sensitivity with age in rats with heredity retinal degeneration. Vision Research, 27, 915-918.

Trejo, L. J. (1985). Retinal ganglion cell loss produced by intraocular kainic acid in cats: Variation with somal size and eccentricity. Brain Research, 355, 221-230.

Trejo, L. J., & Cicerone, C. M. (1984). Cells in the pretectal olivary nucleus are in the pathway for the direct light reflex of the pupil in the rat. Brain Research, 300, 49-62.

Trejo, L. J., & Cicerone, C. M. (1982). Retinal sensitivity measured by the pupillary light reflex in RCS and albino rats. Vision Research, 22, 1163-1171.

Rosipal, R., Trejo, L. J., & Nunez, P. L. (2009). Application of Multi-way EEG Decomposition for Cognitive Workload Monitoring.  In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Partial Least Squares and Related Methods, Vinzi V.E, Tenenhaus M., Guan R. (eds.), Beijing, China, pp. 145-149, 2009.

Trejo, L. J., Knuth, K., Prado, R., Rosipal, R., Kubitz, K. Kochavi, R., Matthews, B., & Zhang., Y. (2007).  EEG-based estimation of mental fatigue: Convergent evidence for a three-state model. In Proceedings of the HCI International 2007 and Augmented Cognition International Conference, Beijing, China, July 22-27, (pp. 201-211), New York: Springer LNCS.

Matthews, R.,  McDonald, N. J., Anumula, H. & Trejo, L. J. (2006). Novel hybrid sensors for unobtrusive recording of human biopotentials. Proceedings of 2nd Annual Augmented Cognition International Conference. To be published in 2006 by Augmented Cognition International.

Marzullo, T. C., Dudley, J. R. , Miller,  C. R., Trejo, L. & Kipke D. R. (2005). Spikes, local field potentials, and electrocorticogram characterization during motor learning in rats for brain machine interface tasks.  Abstract 1991, 2005 27th Annual  International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Shanghai, China.

Wallerius, J., Trejo, L. J, Matthew, R., Rosipal, R., and Caldwell, J. A. (2005). Robust feature extraction and classification of EEG spectra for real-time classification of cognitive state.  11th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction jointly with 1st International Conference on Augmented Cognition. Las Vegas, NV, July, 2005.

Trejo, L. J., Matthews, B., and Rosipal, R. (2005). Brain-Computer Interfaces for 1-D and 2-D Cursor Control: Designs using Volitional Control of the EEG Spectrum or Steady-State Evoked Potentials. Brain-Computer Interface Technology. Third International Meeting, June 14-19, The Rensselaerville Institute. Rensselaerville, NY.

Trejo, L J., Kochavi, R., Kubitz, K., Montgomery, L. D., Rosipal, R., & Matthews, B. (2005, April). Measures and models for predicting cognitive fatigue. In John A. Caldwell & Nancy Jo Wesensten (eds.), Biomonitoring for Physiological and Cognitive Performance During Military Operations, Proceedings of Symposium OR05 Defense and Security, 28 March-1 April 2005, Kissimmee, FL. Proceedings of SPIE, 5797, 105-115.

Trejo, L J., Kochavi, R., Kubitz, K., Montgomery, L. D., Rosipal, R., & Matthews, B. (2005, April). Measures and models for predicting cognitive fatigue. In John A. Caldwell & Nancy Jo Wesensten (eds.), Biomonitoring for Physiological and Cognitive Performance During Military Operations, Proceedings of Symposium OR05 Defense and Security, 28 March-1 April 2005, Kissimmee, FL. Proceedings of SPIE, 5797, 105-115.

Trejo, L. J., Kochavi, R., Kubitz, K., Montgomery, L. D., Rosipal, R., & Matthews, B. (2004, October). Measures and models for estimating and predicting cognitive fatigue. Fourty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, October 20-24, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.

Rosipal, R., & Trejo, L. (2004, October). Kernel PLS estimation of single-trial event-related potentials. Fourty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, October 20-24, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.

Rosipal, R., Trejo, L. J., and Matthews, B. (2003, August). Kernel PLS-SVC for Linear and Nonlinear Classification. In Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-2003), 640-647. Washington, DC.

Rosipal, R., Trejo, L. J., Matthews, B, and Wheeler, K. (2003, September). Nonlinear kernel-based chemometrics tools: a machine learning approach. PLS’03. Third International Symposium on PLS and Related Methods.  ISEGI – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisbon, Portugal.

Knuth K.H., Clanton S.T., Shah A.S., Truccolo W.A., Ding M., Bressler S.L., Trejo L.J., Schroeder C.E. (2002, November). Multiple component event-related potential (mcERP) estimation. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., Vol. 28, Prog. No. 506.4.

Trejo, L. J., Wheeler, K.R., Jorgensen, C. C., Rosipal, R. & Hibbs, A. D. (2002, June). Multimodal neuroelectric interface development. Brain-Computer Interface Technology: Moving Beyond Demonstrations, June 12-16, 2002, Rensselaerville Institute, Rensselaerville, NY.

Trejo, L. J., Johnson, T., & Hyatt, A. (2000, June). Visual-auditory interactions and mismatch negativity: A study of the McGurk effect. Second International Congress on Mismatch Negativity and its Clinical Applications. Barcelona, Spain, June 15-18, 2000.

Rosipal, R., Girolami, M., & Trejo, L. J. (2000, May). Kernel PCA Feature Extraction of Event-Related Potentials for Human Signal Detection Performance. In H. Malmgren, M. Borsa, L. Niklasson (eds.), Perspectives in Neural Computation. Proceedings of the ANNIMAB-1 Conference on Artificial Neural Networks in Medicine and Biology. Goteborg, Sweden, May 13-16, 2000. London: Springer-Verlag,

321-326.

Koska, M., Rosipal, R., Konig, A. & Trejo, L. J. (1997). Estimation of human signal detection performance from event-related potentials using feed-forward neural network models. In K. Warwick and M. K??rny (Eds.), Computer intensive methods in control and signal processing: The curse of dimensionality. Cambridge. MA: Birkhauser Boston, pp. 129-134.

Trejo, L. J., & Johnson, T. M. (1996, October). The MMN is sensitive to perceptual changes in the absence of physical changes in an auditory stimulus. Society for Psychophysiological Research, Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting. Vancouver, Canada.

Koska, M., Rosipal, R., Konig, A., & Trejo, L. J. (1996, June). Estimation of human signal detection performance from event-related potentials using feed-forward neural network model.

Trejo, L. J., & Kramer, A. F. (1995, November). Psychophysiological measurement of situation awareness. International Conference on Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness. Daytona Beach, FL.

Trejo, L. J., & Mullane, M. M. (1995, October). ERPs and visual signal detection Performance: Classification functions based on wavelet decompositions. Society for Psychophysiological Research, Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada.

Trejo, L. J., & Shensa, M. J. (1993). Linear and neural network models for predicting human signal detection performance from event-related potentials: A comparison of the wavelet transform with other feature extraction methods. Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Neural Networks: Academic/Industrial/NASA/Defense, SPIE Volume 2204 (pp. 153-161). San Diego: Society for Computer Simulation.

Trejo, L. J., & Shensa, M. J. (1993). Pattern recognition neural networks for human event-related potentials (ERP): A comparison of feature extraction methods. In J. I. Borack (ed.), Applications of Artificial Neural Networks and Related Technologies to Manpower, Personnel, and Training (Report No. AP-93-10). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. J., Ryan-Jones, D., & Kramer, A. F. (1992, October). Attentional modulation of the pitch-change mismatch negativity. Society for Psychophysiological Research, Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.

Trejo, L. J., Kramer, A. F., & Humphrey, D. (1992, October). Differential workload sensitivity of early and late components of the auditory probe ERP. Society for Psychophysiological Research, Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.

Blankenship, M. H., Trejo, L. J., Lewis, G. W., & Sorenson, R. C. (1992, October). P300 and dual-task mental workload assessment: Increased workload sensitivity after removing N1 covariance. Society for Psychophysiological Research, Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.

Trejo, L. J. & Kramer, A. F. (1992, June) ERP indices of performance quality in signal detection, running memory, and computation. Fourth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society. San Diego, CA.

Trejo, L. J., Lewis, G. W., & Kramer, A. F. (1991, October). ERP indices of human performance: effects of stimulus relevance and type of information processing. Society for Psychophysiological Research, Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL.

Kaylani, T., Mazzara, M., DasGupta, S., Hohenberger, M., & Trejo , L. J. (1991, February). Classification of ERP signals using neural networks. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Neural Networks: Academic/Industrial/NASA/Defense, pp. 737-742. Space Power Institute: Auburn, AL.

DasGupta, S., Hohenberger, M., Trejo, L. J., & Mazzara, M. (1990, February). Effect of using peak amplitudes of ERP signals for a class of neural network classification. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Neural Networks: Academic/Industrial/NASA/Defense, pp. 101-114. Space Power Institute: Auburn, AL.

DasGupta, S., Hohenberger, M., Trejo, L., & Kaylani, T. (1990, April). Effect of data compression of ERP signals preprocessed by FWT algorithm upon a neural network classifier. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Simulation Symposium. Nashville, TN.

Lewis, G. W., Trejo, L. J., Inlow, M., & Blankenship, M. H. (1989, October). Short term changes in the neuromagnetic evoked field. 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. Phoenix, AZ.

Trejo, L. J., & Lewis, G. W. (1989, October). Individual differences in classification of transient, isoluminant, chromatic signals: A behavioral and electrophysiological analysis. Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America. Orlando, FL.

Lewis, G. W., Trejo, L. J., Naitoh, P., Blankenship, M. H., & Inlow, M. (1989). Temporal variability of the neuromagnetic field: Implications for human performance measurement. In Williamson, S. J., Hoke, M., Stroink, G., & Kotani, M. Advances in Biomagnetism, pp. 217-220. New York: Plenum Press.

Trejo, L. J., & Lewis, G. W. (1988a). Sensitivity to hue differences measured by visual evoked potentials. In D. Eggleson, (Ed.), First Navy Independent Research/Independent Exploratory Development Symposium, Volume 1 (CPIA Publication 492), pp. 309-316. Laurel, MD: Chemical Propulsion Information Agency.

Lewis, G. W., Trejo, L. J., Nunez, P., Weinberg, H., & Naitoh, P. (1988). Evoked neuromagnetic fields: Implications for indexing performance. In K. Atsumi, T. Katila, M. Kotani, S. J. Williamson, & S. Ueno (Eds.), Biomagnetism 1987. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Biomagnetism. Tokyo: Tokyo Denki University Press, pp. 266-269.

Lewis, G. W., Trejo, L. J., Blackburn, M. R. & Blankenship, M. H. (1986). Neuroelectric and neuromagnetic recordings: possible new predictors of on-job performance. In G. E. Lee (Ed.), Proceedings: Psychology in the Department of Defense, Tenth Symposium (USAFATR 86-1). Colorado Springs: U. S. Air Force Academy.

Trejo, L. J. (1983). Selective neurotoxic effects of kainic acid upon cat retinal ganglion cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl . 24, 261.

Trejo, L. J., & Cicerone, C. M (1981). Asymmetry of ON and OFF cell responses in pupillary light reflex pathways of the rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl. 20, 15.

Trejo, L. J., & Cicerone, C. M. (1979). The pupillary light reflex in rats with hereditary retinal degeneration. Optical Society of America, Annual Meeting, Rochester, NY.

Trejo, L. J., & Cicerone, C. M. (1978). Pupillary light reflex shows shift from photopic to scotopic spectral sensitivity with age in rats (RCS) with retinal dystrophy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl., 114.

Rosipal R., & Trejo, L. J. (2001, February). Kernel Partial Least Squares Regression in RKHS. Technical report, CIS Department, University of Paisley, UK.

Rosipal R., Trejo L.J., and Cichocki A. (2000). Kernel principal component regression with EM approach to nonlinear principal components extraction. Technical report, RIKEN.

Trejo, L. J., Mullane, M., & Stewart, J. (May, 1995). Event-related potentials and electro-encephalograms in adaptive operator training. NPRDC Technical Report (TN-95-3). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. J., Inlow, M., Stanny, R. R., Morey, W. A., Makeig, S., Kobus, D. A., & Hillyard, S. A. (1991). The P300 component of the auditory event-related potential: Interlaboratory consistency and test-retest reliability (NPRDC Technical Report TR-91-6). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Ryan-Jones, D. L., Lewis, G. W., Trejo, L. J., & Hemmer, J. D. (1990). Brain activity during visual recognition. In W. E. Montague, & C. C. Scheifers, (Eds.), Independent Research and Exploratory Development Programs: FY89 Annual Report, (NPRDC Report AP 90-6), pp. 7-20. San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. J., Lewis, G. W., & Blankenship, M. H. (1990). Brain Activity during decision-making: III. Relationships between probe-evoked potentials, simulation performance, and on-job performance (NPRDC Technical Note 90-09). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. J., & Lewis, G. W. (1989). Brain mechanisms for human color vision: Implications for display systems. In W. E. Montague, & C. C. Scheifers, (Eds.), Independent Research and Exploratory Development Programs: FY88 Annual Report, (NPRDC Report AP 89-7), pp. 18-32. San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Blankenship, M. H., Trejo, L. J., & Lewis, G. W. (1988a). Brain activity during tactical decision-making: IV. Event-related potentials as indices of selective attention and cognitive workload (NPRDC Technical Note 89-6). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Blankenship, M. H., Trejo, L. J., & Lewis, G. W. (1988b). Brain activity during tactical decision-making: V. A cross-study validation of evoked potentials as indices of cognitive workload (NPRDC Technical Note 89-7). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. J., & Lewis, G. W. (1988b). Brain mechanisms of human color vision-implications for display systems. In W. E. Montague, (Ed.), Independent Research and Independent Exploratory Development Programs, FY87 Annual Report (NPRDC Annual Report AP 88-5). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. H., Lewis, G. W., & Blankenship, M. H. (1987). Brain activity during tactical decision-making: II. Probe-evoked potentials and workload (NPRDC Tech. Note 88-12). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. J., & Lewis G. W. (1987). Brain mechanism for human color vision. In A. M. Crawford & M. H. Metcalfe (Eds.), FY86 Independent Research/Independent Exploratory Development (NPRDC Special Report 87-1). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

Trejo, L. J. (1986). Brain activity during tactical decision-making: I. Hypotheses and experimental design (NPRDC Tech. Note 71-86-6). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.

 

PLS Tools in Electroencephalography. (2009, September). Invited presentation. The 6th International Conference on Partial Least Squares and Related Methods. Sept. 4th – 7th, 2009, Beijing, China.

Capacitive Sensors and Physiological Gauges for Human-Machine Interaction (2006, June). Invited seminar. Wadsworth Institute, Albany, NY.

Viva Technology Program (2004, May). Invited educational outreach presentation on career development and motivation for high school students. Tennyson High School, Hayward, CA.

Signal Processing and Machine-learning Algorithms for Brain-Computer Interfaces. (2003, July). Invited seminar. Redwood Neuroscience Institute. Menlo Park, CA.

Signal Processing and Machine-learning Algorithms for Brain-Computer Interfaces. (2003, April). Invited seminar. University of California, Santa Cruz, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics.

ERPs and EEGs for Personnel Assessment: Reality or Fantasy? (1996, June). Invited speaker. ICON VI. Sixth International Cognitive Neuroscience Meeting. Asilomar, CA

Applications of wavelets to on-line measurement and classification of event-related potentials. (1996, January). Invited speaker. University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, Eugene, OR.

Physiological Measurement Techniques (1995, November). Invited panelist. International Conference on Experimental Analysis and Measurement of Situation Awareness, Daytona Beach, FL.

Event-related potentials, EEG and mental workload estimation: Bridging the gap between the laboratory and the workplace (1995, October). Invited panelist, Symposium on Recent Advances in the Psychophysiology of Mental Workload. Society for Psychophysiological Research, Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada.

Quantitative relationships between event-related potentials and human performance (1993, November). Invited participant, EEG in Basic and Applied Settings Meeting, Air Force Human Engineering Laboratory, Dayton, OH.

Predicting human performance from EEG and event-related potentials (1993, November). Plenary address, 1993 International Simulation Technology Multiconference. San Francisco, CA.

Wavelet analyses of brain activity and cognition (1993, October). Invited participant, Third Meeting on Neural Constraints on Cognitive Architectures, Office of Naval Research and Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.

Applications of event-related potentials to performance assessment (1993, April). Invited address, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL.

An overview of human performance research at the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (1991, February). Plenary talk, Second Workshop on Neural Networks--Academic / Industry / NASA / Defense. Auburn University, Auburn, AL.

Analysis of human brain electrical activity: Towards real-time prediction of human performance (1989, October). Invited address, Department of Electrical Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.

Individual differences in visual evoked potentials at isoluminance (1987, April). Invited address, Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA.

Brain mechanisms of human color vision: Implications for display systems (1987, September). Invited address, Human-computer interaction Group, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC.

Retinal ganglion all loss produced by intraocular kainic acid in cats; variation with somal size and eccentricity (1984, June). Invited address, Neurological Sciences Institute, Portland, OR.

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